Daga MAHDI M. MUHAMMAD
Kalmar ‘Ebira’ kalma ce da ke wakiltar yare, mutane, da kuma yanki (Okene da Suberu, 2013; Segun, 2013; Lukman, 2015). Wannan kalma tana da ma’ana ta kyakkyawar ɗabi’a’ (Segun da Samuel, 2010; Audu, 2010; Kwekudee, 2014). An siffanta al’ummar Ibira da cewa su mutane ne masu kyawawan halaye da suka haɗa da karvar baƙi, kulawa, mutuntaka, biyayya, jarumtaka, juriya, haƙuri, aiki tuƙuru, da sauransu (Audu, 2010; Kwekudee, 2014).
Wannan yare na Ibira ya kasu kusan kashi shida; akwai Ibira Tawo (Ebira Tao) waɗanda su ne mafiya yawa da suke warwatse a kusan dukkan jahohi takwas ɗin da ake samun Ibira a cikin Nijeriya ciki kuma har da babban birnin tarayya Abuja. Akwai Ibira Koto da Ibira Mozum waɗanda suke cikin jihar Kogi Sai kuma Ibira Panda, da Ebira Oje/Toto waɗanda suke cikin jihar Nasarawa. Sannan akwai Ibira Etuno waɗanda suke cikin jihar Edo. Sai Ibira Agatu waɗanda suke cikin jihar Binuwai (Benue). Ƙarshe kuma Ibira Oloko waɗanda suke cikin Jihohin Ondo, Oyo da Osun duk a tarayyar Nijeriya.
Asalin yaren dukkan waɗannan rassa na Ibraniyanci abu guda ne, lokacin da suke haɗe a Wukari duk harshensu ɗaya ne, amma daga baya aka samu ’yan canje-canje wajen furta wasu kalmomi a tsakaninsu. Wannan kuma ta faru ne sakamakon gurin zama.
Asali:
Magana mafi shahara ita cewa ƙabilar Ibira wata reshe ce ta mutanen da suka haɗu suka kafa tsohuwar rusasshiyar daular kwararrafa wacce ta ke da helikwata a yankin Ibbi ta cikin jihar Taraba a yau.
Amma a ra’ayin Kwekudee (2014), ya ruwaito cewa, hanyar binciken tabbatar da tarihi wato Akiyoloji (archeology) ta tabbatar da cewa akwai jama’a a wannan yanki na Ibira tun shekaru 260 B.C. Sai dai shima bai faɗi takamaiman gurin da waɗannan jama’a suka zauna ba. Amma duk da haka ya kafa hujja da cewa shima ya ruwaito ne daga Ohiare (1988), Willamson (1967), da kuma Beneth (1972). Shi kuwa Segun (2013), a tasa ruwayar, ya yi daidaito da Ohiare (1988) wajen samuwar jama’a wannan yanki na Ibira a tsakiyar Nijeriya tun shekaru 4000 B.C kafin zuwan annabi Isah.
Hijirar Ibira:
Jama’ar Ibira sun yi ƙaura daga yankin Ibbi da a yau ta ke cikin Jihar Taraba zuwa guraren da suke a yau a cikin ƙarni na goma sha uku, ƙarni na goma sha huɗu, da qarni na goma sha biyar.
Waɗannan mutane sun yi hijira zuwa wannan yanki da suke a yau a cikin shekarar 1680 Miladiyya. Amma a ra’ayin David (2013), ya ce, sun yi wannan ƙaura ne a cikin qarni na goma sha biyar da nufin gujewa farmakin da mayaƙan Musulunci na daular Shehu Ɗanfodio suka kai wa wannan yanki, da kuma faɗan da suke yi da Daular Borno, da kuma gujewa mulkin danniya a tsakaninsu da sauran abokan haɗakarsu na daular Kwararrafa saboda samun cin-gashin-kansu.
Da suka tashi sun fara nufar kudu inda dausayin kogunan Beniwai da Neja suke. A wannan yanki aka samu wasu daga cikinsu suka yada zango wanda ya zamar musu gurin zama a cikin jihar Binuwai (Benue) inda suke zaune tare da Tibabe da Idoma. Waɗannan su ne Ibira Agatu. Sai kuma na biyun da su kuma suka yada nasu zangon a cikin jihar Nasarawa, inda suke zaune tare da Angasawa da kuma sauran mutanen yanki. Waɗannan su ne Ibira Toto.
Bayan sun tsallaka kogin Kwara, sai Ibira Tawo da Ibira Koto suka yada nasu zangon a garuruwan da ke cikin ƙananan hukumomin Okene, Adavi, Ajaokuta da Okehi.
Dukkan wannan hijira sun yi ta ne daga ƙarni na goma sha biyar zuwa ƙarni na goma sha takwas kamar yadda ya zo a mabanbantan ruwayoyi daga David (2013), da kuma Wikipedia (2016).
David (2013), ya ce, tafarkin da aka bi aka yi wannan hijira ya fara ne daga Wukari, sai Ibi da Lunga da ke cikin tsohuwar jihar Gongola. Daga nan kuma sai Lafiya, da kuma Nassarawa Toto, da ke cikin jihar Nasarawa. Daga nan kuma sai kogin Neja da Konton Ƙarfe zuwa Lokoja zuwa Itobe zuwa Ajaokuta inda Ibira Tawo suka zauna wanda daga baya ake kira da Ibira-Okene. Wannan ƙaura ta ƙare a jihar Edo, inda Ibira Etuno (Igarra) suke.
Saboda haka ake samun Ibira a cikin Jukunawa a jihar Taraba, da kuma Ibira Panda da ke zaune a cikin Idoma a jihar Binuwai (Benue), sai kuma Ibira Koto da ke Konto-Ƙarfe a ƙaramar hukumar Lokoja, da kuma Ibira Tawo da ke ƙananan hukumomin Okene, Adavi, Eika da Okehi duk a cikin jahar Kogi, Ibira na qarshe su ne Ibira Etuno (Igarra) da ke cikin jihar Edo.
Ƙasar Ibira:
Ƙasar Ibira, ƙasa ce mai duwatsu wacce ke da faɗin kimanin kilomita ashirin da uku (23) daga yamma inda Ajakuta ta yi iyaka da jihar Neja (Niger). Daga kudu-maso-yamma kuma tana da faɗin kilomita talatin da biyu (32) inda ta yi iyaka da kogin Neja da Benuwai. Tsawon duwatsun da suke wannan yanki ya kai kimanin mil ɗari shida da sittin da bakwai (667) a saman kogin. Wannan ƙasa a dunƙule tana da faɗin murabba’in kilomita tamanin (80 square kilometers) da garuruwa da ƙauyuka warwatse (Edo, 2008). A yanzu wannan yanki shi ne ya samar da Mazaɓar Sanatan Tsakiya (Kogi Central Senatorial District) ta jihar Kogi (Kwekudee, 2014; Wikipedia, 2016), wanda ya haɗe ƙanan hukumomin Adavi, Ajaokuta, Okehi, Okene and Ogori-Magongo.
Zamantakewa a Ƙasar Ibira:
Zamantakewa a qasar Ibira ta tasirantu da yanayin ƙasar da a yau suke zaune a kanta. Kasancewar wannan yanki na ƙasar Ibira guri ne mai duwatsu, sai ya zamo suna zaune ne a kan waɗannan duwatsu waɗanda a kansu suka samar da gidaje har zuwa haula.
Gida a Ƙasar Ibira:
Yanayin gidaje a ƙasar Ibira yakan fara ne daga gida mai ɗauke da iyalan da suka haɗa da Miji da Mata da ’ya’ya da ‘yan’uwa da kuma duk wanda sauran yardaddun maigida na daga dangi duka a cikin gida ɗaya, wanda namiji mafi yawan shekaru kan zama jagora (Segun, 2013), irin wannan gida shi suke kira Ohueje. Idan wannan gida ya bunƙasa yakan zama babban gida da suke kira Ovovu.
Shi kuma Ovovu gida ne babba guda ɗaya wanda ke ɗauke da iyalin da suke da tushe ɗaya ta ɓangaren namiji (wato kakansu ɗaya ne). A cikin wannan gida akwai wasu gidajen a cikinsa (irin waɗannan gidaje a ƙasar Hausa ana kiransu waje-waje) akan samu namiji babba mafi yawan shekaru ya zama shi ne jagora wanda ke warware abubuwan da suka-je-su-zo na game da saɓani.
A irin wannan babban gida akan samu har da ’yan’uwan na ɓangaren mata suma sukan zauna a ciki (Segun, 2013). Sai dai, a ra’ayin Okene da Suberu (2013), sun ce ɓangaren waje na gidan yakan zama gurin amfanin sauran jama’a ne da ba ‘yan gidan ba.
Daga waɗancan gidaje guda biyu kuma sai a samu gidan yawa (haula), gidan da suka kira Abara. Manyan gidaje (Ovuvu) biyu ko fiye da haka suke samar da wannan gida na yawa. Idan za a yanke hukunci kan wata matsala a irin wannan gidaje sai shugabannin sauran gidajen sun haɗu tukuna. Kuma mutanen da suka yarda cewa su ‘yan’uwa ne na jini suke haɗuwa waje guda.
A nan ma, namiji babba wanda ya fi kowa shekaru da kuma ɗan abin hannu shi ke zama jagora. Sai dai a irin wannan mataki ba shi ke yanke hukunci na ƙarshe ba sai ya tuntuɓi sauran jagororin gidaje. Yana kuma daga cikin ɗawainiyoyinsa adana duk abin da dangin suka noma a fadarsa dan rarrabawa sauran ‘yan’uwa bisa adalci. Akan samu irin waɗannan dangi har yau, daga cikin ragowarsu akwai Etumi, Avi, Adovosi, Egiri da Ogagu (Segun, 2013; Okene da Suberu, 2013).
Kowane dangi suna da inkiyar da ke zuwa a farkon sunansu. Inkiyoyin su ne Ozi, wacce ke nufin ‘ya’yan da kuma Ani, wacce ke nufin jama’ar. Bayan inkiya kuma kowane dangi suna da gunki, wanda ka iya zama kodai wani abu ne kamar dutse, ko sassaƙa gunki, koma dabba wanda shi ne camfin su (Okene da Suberu, 2013).
Daga wancan mataki na dangi kuma sai a samu unguwa, irin waɗancan dangi-dangi da suke ganin cewa suna da dangatar jini ta kusa ko ta nesa (irin wanda a Hausa ake kira dangin-dangi-rere), to su suke samar da unguwa, wanda suka kira Ekura.
Har yau ɗin nan akwai guda shida daga cikin irin waɗannan unguwanni (duk da cewa yanzu sun zama manyan garuruwa) waxanda suka haɗa da, Okengwe, Okehi, Adavi, Eika, Ihima, da kuma Eganyi. Duk da cewa kowane daga cikin waɗannan unguwanni yana cin cin gashin kansa ne, amma wani abu guda kan haɗa su. Shugaban wannan unguwa shi suke kira Ohinoyi-ete, wanda za a iya bashi fassara ta digaci ko mai gari. Kowace unguwa guda ɗaya akwai dangi-dangi masu yawa a cikinta waɗanda suka yarda cewa suna da dangantaka ta jini da juna a kusa ko a nesa.
Misali idan aka ɗauki Okengwe, za a samu waxannan dangi-dangi a cikinta Akuta, Ehimozoko, Avi, Esusu, Ogu, Asuwe, Omoye, Omovi, Eira da Adobe. Shi shugaban nasu yakan tuntuɓi jagororin dangi-dangi idan wata matsala da ta shafi dangin ta taso. Kuma yana da maitaimaki da suka kira Ohireba (Okene da Suberu, 2013).
Tare da haɗin kan juna, waɗannan digatai guda shida suke tafiyar da ragamar shugabancin ƙasar Ibira ta hanyar tuntuɓar juna ko zama tare a lokacin da buƙatar hakan ta taso har zuwan Turawa a shekarar 1903 Miladiyya (Okene da Suberu).
Saƙa a Ƙasar Ibira:
Sana’ar saƙa na ɗaya daga cikin daɗaɗɗu kuma muhimman sana’o’in ƙasar Ibira. Sana’a ce da suka gado ta tun zamansu cikin Jukunawa a Wukari. Ahmad (2011), ya ruwaito cewa, akwai sana’ar saƙa a ƙasar Ibira tun kafin ƙarni na goma sha uku. Lukman (2015), ya ce, wannan sana’a ta saƙa mata ne suka mamaye ta. A cikin rubutunsa ya ruwaito shugabar ƙungiyar Matan Ibira Masaƙa (masu sana’ar saƙa) tana cewa babu wani gida wanda ba a saƙa a gidan a duk faɗin ƙasar Ibira, kasancewarta sana’ar da uwa ke koyar da ‘yarta; babu wata mace da bata iya saƙa ba a ƙasar Ibira.
Suna kiran abin da suke saƙawa da ‘Agidi’ da yarensu. Amma shi wannan Agidi ba komai bane illa saƙe da muka sani a ƙasar Hausa.
Noma a Ƙasar Ibira:
Jama’ar Ibira manoma ne da ke noma rogo da doya a babban abinci. A farkon farkon tara, wannan yanki na Ibira ya shahara noma, musamman yankin Okengwe da suka shahara wajen samar da ri wandaɗi aka riƙa taimaka masa da gyaɗa; noman da mutanen Okengwe musamman ƙabilar Adavi suka ƙusarre a kansa (Okene da Suberu, 2013; Lukman, 2015). Noma da suke yi wurin yafi samar da abinci da za su ci su bayar, a’a, sukan ma noma abincin da ake fitar da shi wajen tsare su. Kusan babu wani gida wanda ba a noma a wannan yanki na Ibira (Okene da Suberu, 2013).