Daga MAHDI MUSA MUHAMMAD
Mutanen Fula sun taimaka sun kafa dimokiraɗiyya da yawa na tarihin Islama kuma sun jagoranci yawancin Jihadi kamar Masina a ƙarni na 19.
Masarautar Maasina wacce ake kira ‘Diina’ a Fulfulde, tare da asalin Larabci, an kafa ta ne ta hanyar jihadin Fulbe wanda Sheeku Aamadu ya jagoranta a 1818. Asalin masarautar Maasina a cikin Inner Delta na Niger shima ana samunsa a tawaye, a wannan karon kan Masarautar Bambara/Bamana na Segou, ikon siyasa wanda ke sarrafa yankin daga waje. Wannan jihadi ya sami karɓuwa ne daga abubuwan da suka faru a arewacin Nijeriya inda wani malamin masani a lokacin, Usman ɗan Fodio, ya kafa daular Musulunci tare da Sakkwato a matsayin babban birninta.
Don wani lokaci, ƙungiyoyin Fulbe sun kasance masu rinjaye a ɓangarorin Delta, don haka ƙirƙirar tsarin sarauta mai rikitarwa tun daga raƙuman ruwa da yawa. Koyaya, saboda yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin juna, ba su iya shirya wata runduna mai ƙarfi don yaƙi da Masarautar Bamana ba. A shekarar 1818, wani malamin addinin musulinci mai suna Aamadu Hammadi Buubu ya haɗa kan ’yan ƙungiyar ta Fulbe ƙarƙashin tutar addinin Islama kuma suka yi yaƙin nasara da Bamana da ƙawayensu. Daga baya ya kafa mulkinsa a cikin Inland Delta da kuma wasu makwabtaka da busashshiyar gabas da yamma na Delta.
Wannan jihar da alama tana da cikakken iko a kan yankunanta na asali, kamar yadda yake bayyane ga gaskiyar cewa tsarin siyasa da tattalin arzikinta har yanzu ana bayyana a cikin ƙungiyar samar da kayan noma a cikin Inland Delta. Duk da irin ƙarfin da ta ke da shi da kuma sararin samaniya, ana yawan fuskantar barazanar masarautar. A zamanin Aamadu Aamadu, jikan Sheeku Aamadu, saɓani na cikin gida ya raunana masarautar har sai da ta zama cikin sauƙi ga rundunar Futanke, wacce ta rusa Masarautar Maasina daga baya, a 1862.
Daular Toucouleur (Tokulo):
Da yawa suna ganin Futanke ko Toucouleur sun mamaye yammacin Sudan da tsakiyar Mali a matsayin ƙungiyar kawo canji. Halin Masarautar Futanke ya ɗan bambanta, koda yake kafuwarta tana da nasaba da mamayar Masarautar Maasina da Masarautar Bamana ta Segou da Kaarta a bayan wani yunƙuri na kawo gyara.
Yayin da sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka tsoratar dasu yayin da suke basu bindigogi daga hannunsu, Futanke suka gudanar da jihadi don yaƙi da kafirci da kuma ’yan uwantakar musulinci ta Darikar Tijaniyya.
Wanda ya kafa ta, El Hadj Umar Tall wani mai kawo canji a addinin Islama wanda ya samo asali daga Fuuta Tooro da ke gaɓar Kogin Senegal, ya mutu yana faɗa da ’yan tawaye jim kaɗan bayan da rundunarsa ta ci Masarautar Maasina da yaƙi. Bayan mutuwar El Hadj Umar, an raba masarautar zuwa jihohi uku, kowannensu yana ƙarƙashin mulkin ɗaya daga cikin ’ya’yansa. Waɗannan jihohin uku suna da manyan biranensu bi da bi a biranen Nioro, Segou da Bandiagara. Bambancin mafi muhimmanci shi ne tsakanin masu martaba (mutane masu kyauta) da maras kyauta (Rimmaibe ko Maccube).
Masu martaba sun haɗa da rukunin masu faɗa aji na siyasa da malaman addinin Islama, da kuma jama’ar Fulbe makiyaya, waɗanda suka taimaka musu suka hau mulki. Tare, sun kafa rukuni na masu ba da izini ga manyan mashahuran siyasa kuma an ɗauke su manyan mutane, kodayake, a zahiri, tasirinsu na siyasa ya yi kaɗan. Yawan mutanen da aka ci nasara ya ragu zuwa bautar ko bautar kuma an kame ƙarin bayi don samar da isasshen aiki don gudanar da tattalin arzikin. Hakanan, akwai ƙungiyoyin bard, mashahuran masarauta da masu sana’a waɗanda suka mamaye ƙananan muƙaman siyasa da zamantakewar jama’a.
Khalifancin Sakkwato:
Kalifancin Sakkwato ya kasance mafi girma kuma mafi nasara ga gadon mulkin Fulani a Afirka ta Yamma. Ya kasance mafi girma, sannan kuma mafi tsari sosai na jihohin Jihadin Fulani. Duk tsawon karni na 19, Sakkwato na daya daga cikin manyan dauloli masu ƙarfi a Yammacin Afirka har zuwa 1903, lokacin da sojojin Turawan mulkin mallaka suka fatattake su. Kalifancin na Sakkwato ya haɗa da masarautu da dama, mafi girma daga cikinsu shi ne Adamawa, duk da cewa masarautar Kano ce ta fi yawan mutane.
Sauran sun haɗa, amma ba’a iyakance ga: Masarautar Gombe, Masarautar Gwandu, Masarautar Bauchi, Masarautar Katsina, Masarautar Zazzau, Masarautar Haɗejia, da Masarautar Muri ba.
Yayin da suke kafa mulkin su, Fulbe ta ayyana matsakaiciyar tsarin zamantakewar al’umma kuma ta sanya iyakance akan ayyukan tattalin arziki da kasuwanci, wanda manufarsa shi ne a tabbatar da yawan kuɗaɗen shiga na haraji da kayan masarufi ga na’urorin jihar da sojojin da ke tsaye, musamman ga mahayan dawakai. ’Yanci ga makiyaya na yawo da shi an takaita shi don tabbatar da kyakkyawan aiki na sauran ayyukan noman, kamar noman hatsi da, a batun Maasina, na ayyukan kamun kifi.
Da alama akwai adawa sosai ga tilasta wa musulincin waɗannan masarautu. Misali, yawancin makiyaya Fulbe, akasarinsu Wodaabe sun gudu daga arewacin Nijeriya lokacin da aka tauye musu ’yanci kuma aka tilasta musu su musulunta bayan jihadin da Usman Dan Fodio ya zuga daga Sakkwato. Juyawa zuwa addinin Islama ba wai kawai canja addinin mutum ba ne amma har ma da miƙa wuya ga dokokin da suka shafi kowane ɓangare na zamantakewar al’umma, siyasa da al’adun rayuwa, rikice-rikicen da yawancin makiyaya Fulbe ba su da kwanciyar hankali.
Al’umma:
Fulani da Hausawa sun ɗauki wasu tasirin daga al’adun juna. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a yakin Fulani na 1804 na Usman dan Fodio, yawancin Fulbe daga baya sun shiga ajin masu mulkin Masarautar Arewacin Nijeriya. Suna sanya tufafi suna magana kamar makwabtansu Hausawa kuma suna rayuwa iri ɗaya (duba Hausa-Fulani). Fulbe waɗanda ba su daidaita a wannan lokacin da zuriyarsu ba, duk da haka, har yanzu suna riƙe da bayyananniyar asalin daga ta Hausawa da sauran ƙungiyoyin yankin. Wannan hulɗar ta Hausa-Fulani baƙon abu ne a wajen yankin gabashin yankin yammacin Afirka.
Mutanen Toucouleur a tsakiyar ƙwarin Kogin Senegal suna da kusanci sosai da mutanen Fula. A lokacin zamanin da, sun biya harajin Fula. Yawancin sauran masu magana da harshen Fula suna zaune warwatse a cikin yankin kuma suna da ƙarancin matsayi. Zuriya ne daga bayi mallakar Fula. Yanzu an ’yantar da su bisa doka, a wasu yankuna har yanzu suna ba da girmamawa ga fitattun Fula, kuma galibi ana hana su damar ci gaban zamantakewar jama’a.
Misali a Mali, Burkina Faso da Senegal, waɗanda suke cikin al’adun Fulbe, amma waɗanda ba ’yan asalin Fula ba, ana kiransu yimbe pulaaku, ‘mutanen al’adun Fula’. Saboda haka, al’adun Fulanin sun haɗa da mutanen da ƙila ba za su iya zama Fulani ba. Kodayake bautar yanzu haramtacciya ce, tunanin abubuwan da suka gabata tsakanin Fulbbe da Rimaybe suna raye a cikin ƙungiyoyin biyu. Paul Riesman, wani Ba’amurke dan asalin yanki kuma yana zaune a tsakanin Jelgooji Fulbbe na Burkina Faso a cikin shekarun 1980, ya ce, Fulbe dogaye ne, siriri, kuma masu haske; suna da sirara madaidaiciya hanci, kuma gashinsu yana da tsayi da ruri. Sabanin haka, Rimaybe suna da wadata, suna fuskantar lalata, fata masu duhu tare da hancin flat ‘skuashhed’, da gajerun kinky gashi.
