Daga MAHDI MUSA MUHAMMAD
Me ya sa aka kawo takardar kuɗi?
A farkon amfani da su, takardun kuɗin ba su samu karɓuwa cikin sauƙi ba.
Dalilin shi ne, al’ummar yankin sun saba da tsabar kuɗi, kwari, manila da sauran hanyoyin musayar kaya. Bugu da ƙari, darajar wasu daga cikin takardun kuɗin ta yi yawa idan aka kwatanta da ƙananan harkokin kasuwanci da jama’a suka saba gudanarwa.
Ekundare ya bayyana cewa mutane da ‘yan kasuwa ba su yi maraba da takardun kuɗin sosai a farkon lokaci ba saboda suna ganin darajarsu ta yi yawa ga ƙananan hada-hadar kasuwanci. Wannan ya sa wasu mutane suka ci gaba da tara tsabar kuɗi.
Wannan ya nuna cewa sauyin tsarin kuɗi ba abu ne da ake iya tilasta wa al’umma cikin dare ɗaya ba. Sai da lokaci kafin takardar kuɗi ta samu karvuwa sosai.
ƙananan takardun kuɗi saboda ƙarancin tsabar kuɗi:
Wani abin ban sha’awa a wannan tarihin shi ne cewa ƙarancin ƙarfe da ake amfani da shi wajen ƙera tsabar kuɗi ya taimaka wajen ƙara buƙatar takardun kuɗi.
Saboda ƙarancin tsabar kuɗin da ya shafi ƙananan harkokin kasuwanci, aka samar da ƙananan takardun kuɗi kamar shilling biyu da shilling ɗaya domin sauƙaƙa mu’amaloli.
A hankali, takardar kuɗi ta fara samun matsayi a harkokin kasuwanci, duk da cewa tsabar kuɗi da wasu tsoffin nau’o’in kuɗi sun ci gaba da wanzuwa a wasu sassan Nijeriya.
1918: Matsalar yaƙi da kuɗin gaggawa:
Lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya kuma kawo ƙarin matsaloli ga tsarin samar da kuɗi.
A wasu bayanan tarihi, an nuna cewa yayin da ake ƙoƙarin samar da takardun kuɗin WACB, matsalar jigilar kuɗin zuwa Nijeriya ta sa aka samu ƙarancin kuɗi a wasu wurare. Wannan ya kai ga samar da wasu takardun kuɗin gaggawa a Nijeriya a shekarar 1918.
Daga baya, takardun kuɗin WACB masu darajoji daban-daban suka ci gaba da yaɗuwa.
Wasu daga cikin takardun farko ba su daɗe ba. An cire wasu ƙananan darajoji daga yawo a shekarar 1931, yayin da sabbin nau’o’i da aka inganta suka ci gaba da shigowa.
Daga West African Pound zuwa Nigerian Pound
Tsarin kuɗin ya ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin WACB har zuwa lokacin da Nijeriya ta samu ‘yancin kai.
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, babban kuɗin tsarin shi ne fam na Yammacin Afirka (West African Pound), wanda aka raba zuwa shilling 20, sannan kowane shilling ya ƙunshi pence 12.
A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, darajoji daban-daban na takardun kuɗi suka kasance cikin amfani, har da fam 1, fam 5, shilling 10 da sauran su.
A shekarar 1959, aka kai wani babban sauyi.
1959: Nijeriya ta fara da nata takardun kuɗi:
A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1959, Babban Bankin Nijeriya (CBN), ya fara fitar da takardun kuɗi da tsabar kuɗin Nijeriya, tare da janye takardun kuɗi da tsabar kuɗin WACB daga yawo.
Wannan shi ne abin da ya bambanta tsakanin takardar kuɗin farko da aka yi amfani da ita a Nijeriya da kuma takardar kuɗin farko da gwamnatin Nijeriya mai zaman kanta ta fitar da kanta.
A shekarar 1959, takardun kuɗin Nijeriya sun kasance cikin tsarin fam da shilling, ba naira ba. Daga cikin takardun da CBN ta fara fitarwa akwai fam ɗaya 1, shilling 10 da shilling biyar.
Sai dai bayan shekaru kaɗan, Nijeriya ta sake yin wani babban sauyi.
1973: Haihuwar Naira:
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1973, Nijeriya ta bar tsarin fam da shilling ta koma tsarin kuɗin decimal.
A wannan ranar ne aka fara amfani da Naira da Kobo a matsayin tsarin kuɗin ƙasar.
An sanya N1 ya yi daidai da shilling 10, yayin da kobo 100 suka zama naira ɗaya.
Takardun kuɗin farko na tsarin naira sun haɗa da 50 kobo, N1, N5 da N10, yayin da aka samar da tsabar kuɗi masu darajoji daban-daban.
Daga nan ne tarihin takardar kuɗin Nijeriya ya shiga sabon babi.
A shekarar 1977 aka ƙara N20, wanda ya zama takardar kuɗi mafi girma a lokacin. Wannan takarda ta kuma kasance ta farko a Nijeriya da ta ɗauki hoton wani fitaccen ɗan Nijeriya — tsohon shugaban ƙasa, Janar Murtala Ramat Muhammed.
Daga baya aka ƙara N50, N100, N200, N500 da N1,000, yayin da tsarin kuɗin ya ci gaba da sauyawa bisa buƙatun tattalin arziki da manufofin Babban Bankin Nijeriya.
Daga kwari zuwa naira:
Idan aka dubi tarihin kuɗin Nijeriya gaba ɗaya, za a ga cewa tafiyar ta kasance mai tsawo: daga musayar kaya da kaya, zuwa kwarin teku, manila, sannan tsabar kuɗin shilling da penny, kafin zuwan takardun kuɗin West African Currency Board a 1916.
Daga baya aka samu takardun kuɗin Nijeriya a 1959, sannan a shekarar 1973 aka haifi tsarin Naira da Kobo da ake amfani da shi a yau.
Saboda haka, idan aka ce “takardar kuɗi ta farko da aka yi amfani da ita a Nijeriya”, ba daidai ba ne a ce Naira ce. Naira ta zo ne kusan shekaru 57 bayan fara amfani da takardun kuɗin WACB.
Takardar kuɗin da ta fara shiga wannan tarihi ita ce ta West African Currency Board, wadda aka fara fitarwa a 1916, kuma rukunin farko ya isa Lagos a watan Yuni na wannan shekarar.
Amma idan tambayar ita ce; yaushe Nijeriya ta fara fitar da takardar kuɗinta da kanta?, amsar ita ce 1 ga Yuli, 1959, lokacin da CBN ya fara fitar da kuɗin Nijeriya tare da janye na WACB.
Madogaran Bincike:
1. Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), “History of Nigerian Currency” — tarihin kuɗin Nijeriya tun daga zamanin kwari da manila zuwa WACB, CBN, da kuma Naira. 2. Central Bank of Nigeria, “Before 1959” — bayanai kan nau’o’in kuɗin da ake amfani da su kafin 1959 da tarihin West African Currency Board. 3. R. Olufemi Ekundare, An Economic History of Nigeria — musamman babin “Money, Currency and Banking”, wanda ya bayyana cewa takardun kuɗin West African Currency Board ba su fara fitowa ba sai 1916, tare da bayanin aika rukunin farko zuwa Legas ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1916, da dai sauran su.
