Daga MAHDI M. MUHAMMAD
Babban Bankin Najeriya, wanda ake kira Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), shi ne bankin da ke da ruwa-da-tsaki wajen gudanar da harkokin kuɗaɗen gwamnatin Jamhuriyyar Tarayyar Nijeriya a hukumance. Banki ne da doka ta kafa shi a shekarar 1958 sannan kuma ya kama aiki a ranar 1 ga watan Juli na shekarar 1959.
Kafuwa:
An kafa Babban Bankin Nijeriya a shekarar 1958 sannan kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga watan Juli na shekarar 1959.
Doka:
Tushen dokar da ta kafa wannan banki ita ce dokar Majalisar Tarayya ta shekarar 1958 wadda aka yi wa gyare-gyaren fuska a shekarun 1991, 1993, 1997, 1999 da kuma 2007.
Manufar kafa bankin:
Dokar Gwamnatin Tarayyar Nijeriya mai taken Dokar Babban Bankin Nijeriya ta shekarar 2007, wadda ita ce ta ƙarshe, ita ta ɗora wa Babban Bankin alhakin gudanarwa, sarrafawa da kuma dukkan wani abu da ya shafi kuɗi ta fuskar dokoki da tsare-tsare da suka shafi Gwamnatin Tarayya.
Sannan kuma bankin shi ke da alhakin:
- Tabbatar da dawamammen kuɗi da kuma farashi (Abin nufi shi ne samar da tsayayyen kuɗi da kuma ƙayadadden farashi);
- Samar da na’ukan kuɗaɗen (Ƙwandaloli da takardun kuɗi wanda aka yadda a yi mu’amalar cinikayya da ma duk wani abu da ya shafi kuɗi da su a ciki da wajen Nijeriya) Nijeriya (Latsa Nan Ka Ga Yadda Suke);
-Kula da asusun kar-ta-kwana na waje (External reserve) domin kare darajar kuɗaɗen Nijeriya a tsakanin ƙasashe;
- Haɓɓaka kyakkyawan tsarin kuɗaɗe (Financial system) a Nijeriya; da kuma
Zama Asusun gwamnati tare da bai wa Gwamnatin Tarayya shawara ta fuskacin tattalin arziki da kuɗaɗe.
A shekarar 1991 da aka yi wa dokar bankin gyaran fuska, wadda aka yi wa laƙabi da Dokar Bankuna da Sauran Kamfanonin Hadar-Hadar Kuɗi ‘Banks and Other Financial Institutions’ wadda ake taƙaitawa da BOFI, ta sake ɗora alhakin gudanar da sauran Bankuna da Kamfanonin Hada-hadar kuɗaɗe a Nijeriya da manufa ta haɓɓaka harkokin banki da hada-hadar kuɗaɗe tare kuma da haɓɓaka ingantaccen tsarin biyan kuɗi a Nijeriya.
Haka nan kuma dai bankin a tsawon shekarunsa na ayyuka ya tsoma hannu wajen samar da cigaba a wasu muhimman sassa masu tasiri a cikin lamarin tattalin arzikin ƙasa kamar irin su aikin gona; fannin kuɗi (finance); fannin masana’antu da sauransu.
Tarihi:
Tushen kafuwar Babban Bankin Nijeriya shi ne hada-hadar bankin zamanin Turawan Mulkin-Mallaka, wanda a cikin shekarar 1892 wasu Turawa ’yan kasuwa suka fara kafawa a matakin farko. Bankin da suka kafa mai suna African Banking Corporation, shi ne ya rikiɗe sannu a hankali ya koma banki mafi daɗewa a Nijeriya wato First Bank of Nigeria PLC.
Kwamatin G.D. Paton da aka kafa a shekarar 1952 domin gudanar da bincike game da yadda harkokin banki suka gudana a tsawon wasu shekaru tun farkon kafa bankin a Nijeriya, shi ya kai ga samar da dokar Turawa (Ordinance) a shekarar 1952 wadda ta kafa tushen kafuwar Babban Bankin Nijeriya.
Dokar ta buƙaci a samar da tsararren bankin kasuwanci tare kuma da kare samuwar bankuna marasa karsashi. Daga ƙarshe ta kai ga samar da qudurin dokar Majalisar Nijeriya wadda ta buƙaci samar da Babban Bankin Nijeriya wadda aka miƙa ta ga Majilasar Wakilai ta Tarayya a watan Maris na shekarar 1958. Ƙudurin shi ya zama dokar da aka aiwatar da ita a ranar 1 ga watan Juli na shekarar 1959, ta hanyar samar da Babban Bankin qasa wanda ya fara aiki gadan-gadan a wannan rana.
Dokar Babban Banki Nijeriya:
Tushen dokar Babban Bankin Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Nijeriya yana farowa ne daga shekarar 1958 kamar yadda ya gabata a farkon wannan rubutu. Za mu waiwaici muhimmai daga cikin waɗannan dokoki mu ga wasu abubuwan da suka ƙunsa:
Dokar Babban Banki ta 1958:
Dokoki biyu; Dokar Babban Banki ta 1958 (Central Bank Act 1958) da kuma Dokar Babban Banki ta 1969 (Banking Decree 1969), waɗanda duk an yi musu gyare-gyaren fuska su suka zama ginshiƙin gudanawar Babban Bankin Nijeriya da kuma gudanar da sauran bankuna a hukumance.
1986: A shekarar 1986, an samu gagarumin sauyin tattalin arziki da kuma kawar da tsauraran dokokin harkokin banki, ta hanyar samun ƙarin yawaitar bankuna da kuma samuwar kamfanonin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe waɗanda suka biyo bayan karɓar shirin samar da cigaba, wanda aka fi sani da SAP.
1991: Doka ta 24 da ta 25 na shekarar 1991; dokar Bankuna da Sauran Kamfanonin Hada-Hadar Kuɗaɗe (The Banks and Other Financial Institutions (BOFI) Decrees 24 and 25 of 1991), su suka yi gyare-gyaren fuska ga Dokar Banki ta shekarar 1969 (Banking Decree 1969), ta hanyar faɗaɗa ƙarfin ikon Babban Bankin Nijeriya ya samu damar tsara ƙa’idoji da kuma tafikar da harkokin kuɗi da kuma kula da gudanawar sauran bankuna da kuma kamfanonin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe a Nijeriya.
Sauye-Sauyen 1997:
Sauye-sauyen wannan shekara game da Babban Bankin Nijeriya, shi ya ƙunshi dokar da ta yi ƙoƙarin raba Babban Bankin da muhimman ayyukan da aka kafa shi domin su; waɗanda ya zuwa lokacin ya kwashe shekaru 38 yana aiwatarwa. Aka ɗauki ragamar kula da bankin da sauran ɗawainiyoyin sauran bankuna da kamfanonin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe aka damƙa ta a hannun ministan kuɗi. Ragowar ayyukan saka ido da ’yan abubuwan da ba za a rasa ba na tsara qa’idodi suka saura a hannun Babban Bankin.
Sauye-Sauyen 1998:
Dokar Babban Bankin Nijeriya mai lamba 37 ta shekarar 1998 (CBN (Amendment) Decree No. 37 of 1998) ita ta sabunta Dokar Babban Bankin Najeriya mai lamba 3 ta shekarar 1997 (CBN (Amended) Decree No. 3 of 1997), ita ce dokar da ta sake mayar wa da Babban Bankin cikakkiyar damarsa ta gudanar da ayyukan da aka kafa shi domin su tun asali.
Sauye-Sauyen Dokar BOFI ta 1998:
Sabuwar dokar sauran bankuna da kamfanonin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe (Banks and Other Financial Institutions BOFI) mai lamba 38 ta shekarar 1998 wadda kuma sabuntawa ce ta doka mai lamba 4 ta shekarar 1997, ta sake ƙarfafar guiwar Babban Bankin Nijeriya wadda ta bashi damar sauyawa ko soke sharruɗan bayar da lasisi ko kuma samar da wasu sababbin sharruɗa ko qara wasu game da bayar da lasisin gudanar da bankunan kasuwanci a ƙasa.
Daga jawaban da suka gabata, idan muka taƙaita, za mu fahimci cewa, yau (2023), Babban Bankin Nijeriya wanda a Turance ake kira da Central Bank of Nigeria, a taƙaice kuma CBN, yana da shekaru 64 (1959 – 2023) a duniya. Kenan, ya girmi samun ’yancin kan Nijeriya da shekara ɗaya.
Doka da aka yi a shekarar 1958, sannan kuma ta kama aiki a ranar 1 ga watan Yuni, 1959, ita ta kafa bankin wadda kuma aka riqa sabunta ta akai-akai har zuwa yau ɗinan da muke ciki.
Kuma cewa alhakin gudanarwa, sarrafawa da kuma dukkan wani abu da ya shafi kuɗi ta fuskar dokoki da tsare-tsare da suka shafi Gwamnatin Tarayya, sun rataya a kan wannan banki kacokaf.
