Abinda ya sa Chinua Achebe ya wuce kowa a tarihin marubutan Afirka
Daga AISHA ASAS
Marubucin da ya canza yanayin adabin duniya:
A duk lokacin da tarihin adabi ke tasowa daga duhu zuwa haske, to akwai wani abu da ke kasancewa jigon samun cigaban sa. Wannan canjin zai samu ne daga muryar da ba ta yi ƙarya ba, muryar da ta tsaya bisa gaskiya, da murya da ta farkar da alƙalami daga makarar barci. A cikin adabin Afirka, babu murya da ta yi amo kamar ta Chinua Achebe, marubucin da ya zamo ginshiƙin sabuwar rayuwa ga adabin nahiyar, kuma ya bai wa Afirka damar kallon kanta a cikin madubi da ba na Turawa ba.
Shin wane ne Chinua Achebe?
An haifi Chinualumogu Achebe a 1930 a Ogidi, cikin ƙabilar Igbo ta gabashin Najeriya, wata ƙabila mai cike da hikima, tatsuniya, da darussan rayuwa. Mahaifinsa limamin Coci ne, amma Achebe ya girma a tsakanin ruhi biyu: ruhi na mishan da na gargajiya. Wannan haɗin gwiwa ya zame masa gwaninta wajen hango duniya daga hangen nesa biyu, wanda daga bisani ya haifar da hikimar rubuce-rubucensa. Ya sami horo a Jami’ar Ibadan, inda ya fuskanci ruɗanin ra’ayoyin Turawa game da Afirka, kamar yadda ya taɓa faɗa cewa: “Ina so a ba ni damar in bayyana kaina, ba wanda ya rubuta ni cikin duhu ba.”
A shekarar 1958, Chinua Achebe ya ɗora Afirka a sahun gaba ta hanyar buga shahararren littafinsa na ‘Things Fall Apart’, littafin da ya zamo tamkar zazzafar guguwar da ta tasarwa adabin duniya. A cikin wannan littafi, Achebe ya ba da labarin rayuwar Okonkwo, wani jarumi mai taurin kai da riƙo da al’ada, wanda zuwan Turawa ya kifar da rayuwarsa da duk wani gini na gargajiya.
Littafin ya zamo tarihi mai rai, kuma an fassara shi zuwa harsuna sama da 50, sannan an sayar da fiye da kofi miliyan 20 na littafin. A kowane shafi, akwai saƙon Afirka: ƙarfin hali, fahimtar al’adu, shan wahala, da rushewar da duniya ke yi mata cikin shiru.
Harshe Da Hikima: Inda Achebe ya fita daban:
Achebe ba yana rubuta ne kawai don nishaɗi ba. Ya kafa sabuwar hanya ta rubutun Ingilishi wanda ke cike da sababbin karin magana, karin magana na Igbo, da salo irin na gargajiya. Ya ce: “Ingilishi yana iya zama mallakin Afirka, idan aka koya yadda za a ba shi dussar Afirka.” Wannan salo ya zama hanyar da marubutan Afirka ke bi har yanzu wajen ƙirƙirar tunani cikin harshen da Turawa suka kawo musu.
Littattafansa da suka gina ƙarni cikin hikima da falsafa:
Baya ga ‘Things Fall Apart’, Achebe ya rubuta wasu fitattun littattafai kamar:
‘No Longer at Ease’ (1960): Rubutun da ke bayyana rikicin tsakanin al’adar Turawa da na gargajiya a cikin zuciyar matashin jami’i.
‘Arrow of God’ (1964): Yadda addini da mulkin mallaka suka fara rushe ikon shugabannin gargajiya.
‘A Man of the People’ (1966): Wani karantarwa ne kan cin hanci da lalacewar siyasa a sabuwar Najeriya.
‘Anthills of the Savannah’ (1987): Cikakken falsafar siyasa da matsin lamba ga shugabannin da suka makale da mulki.
Achebe da Soyinka: Wane ne ya fi?
Wole Soyinka shi ne marubuci na Afirka da ya lashe kyautar Nobel a 1986. Amma da dama na ganin cewa Chinua Achebe ya fi tasiri ga ilimi da adabi. Achebe ya ƙirƙiri muryar Afirka ta gaskiya, yayin da Soyinka ke rubutu cikin harshe mai ƙayatarwa da salo mai zurfi. Wasu masana suna cewa: “Soyinka ya fi ɗaukaka, amma Achebe ya fi tasiri.” Wannan muhawara ce da ke nuni da irin matsayinsa da darajarsa a tarihin adabi.
Harshe mai kare gaskiya: Achebe a matsayin mai faɗakarwa
Achebe ya taɓa cewa: “A lokacin da duniya ke zama gurguwa wajen bayyanar da gaskiya, marubuci dole ya ɗaga murya.” Wannan dalili ne da ya sa ya rubuta sanannen maƙalarsa ‘An Image of Africa’, inda ya ƙalubalanci Joseph Conrad da Heart of Darkness, yana mai cewa: “Ba za mu yarda da hoton Afirka a matsayin duhu ba. Afirka tana da rai, tana da tarihi, tana da hikima.” Wannan magana ta girgiza duniyar adabi.
Lokacin da Nelson Mandela ke kurkuku a Robben Island, ya karanta littafin Things Fall Apart’ fiye da sau ɗaya. Ya ce:
“Achebe’s voice was freedom to me.”
(Muryar Achebe ‘yanci ce a gare ni.)
Ya kuma taɓa faɗar cewa, “Achebe is the father of modern African literature.”
(Achebe shi ne uba na adabin Afirka na zamani.)
Prof. Kwame Anthony Appiah, masanin falsafa daga Ghana, ya rubuta:
“Achebe taught the world to take African thought seriously.”
(Achebe ya koya wa duniya yadda za ta ɗauki tunanin Afirka da muhimmanci.)
Shekaru bayan mutuwa, har yanzu ana karanta littafinsa:
Achebe ya rasu a shekarar 2013, yana da shekaru 82. Amma tasirinsa yana raye: a makarantu, a gidajen karatu, a majalisun marubuta. Marubuta kamar Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o, Wole Soyinka, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, da Ben Okri duk sun karɓi turbar da Achebe ya shimfiɗa. Ya zama kamar hasken fitila a cikin
“Before Achebe, Africa was formless and silent in world literature. After him, Africa acƙuired form and voice.”
(Kafin Achebe, Afirka bata da tsari kuma bata yi magana a adabin duniya. Bayan sa, Afirka ta sami tsari da murya.) Cewar Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o.
Shi kuwa Farfesa James Currey na nasa kalaman ya bayyana littafin ‘Things Fall Apart’ a matsayin wata guguwa da ta girgiza adabin duniya, inda yake cewa, “Achebe’s ‘Things Fall Apart’ is not only a novel, it is a revolution that reshaped world literature.”
(‘Things Fall Apart’ na Achebe ba labari kawai ba ne, juyin juya hali ne da ya canza adabin duniya.)
A ɓangaren Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie cewa ta yi, “Achebe didn’t just tell the story of Africa, he taught the world to listen to it.”
(Achebe bai kawai ba da labarin Afirka ba, ya koya wa duniya yadda za ta saurare ta.)
Achebe a fina-finai, falsafa Siyasa:
Baya ga rubuce-rubuce, littattafan Achebe sun rinƙa shafar ɓangarori da dama kamar fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Afirka, inda ake gina jigogi daga ‘Things Fall Apart’ da ‘Arrow of God’. Kamfanin BBC ya shirya wasan kwaikwayo bisa ‘Things Fall Apart’ a 1986, wanda ya haifar da tallafi ga ɗimbin fina-finai a Najeriya da Kenya.
Har ila yau, ƴan gwagwarmaya irin su Steve Biko da Thomas Sankara sun ambaci saƙonnin Achebe a matsayin tushen fahimtar asalin Afirka da tsayayya ga mulkin mallaka. A jami’o’i, ana nazarin sa kamar yadda ake nazarin Plato ko Shakespeare a yammacin duniya.
UNESCO ta amince da ‘Things Fall Apart’ a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da za a yi amfani da su wajen bunƙasa ilimin Afirka.
Lambobin yabo da girmamawa da Achebe ya samu:
Tasirin Achebe bai tsaya a Afirka kawai ba, har duniya ta sallama masa a girma. A shekarar 2007, ya samu Man Booker International Prize, lambar yabo mai daraja da ake bai wa marubutan da suka yi gagarumar gudunmawa a duniya. Har ila yau, jami’o’in duniya da dama sun ba shi digirin girmamawa (Honorary Doctorate), ciki har da Harvard, Brown, da Dartmouth. A Najeriya kuma, ya ki karɓar lambar Commander of the Federal Republic (CFR) a 2004 da 2011, saboda dalilan ƙasa da rashin shugabanci nagari, alamar kishin ƙasa da amincewa da gaskiya.
A Amurka, Achebe ya karantar a jami’ar Brown, kuma an karrama shi da maƙalar “Achebe Colloƙuium on Africa” wanda ke haɗa masana da shugabanni don tattaunawa kan makomar Afirka.
Muryoyin masana: Kalaman da suka gina tasirin karramawa da girmamawa marubucin:
“Achebe changed the perception of Africa in literature forever.” (Achebe ya canza yadda ake kallon Afirka a adabi har abada.) — Farfesa Simon Gikandi, Princeton University.
“Chinua Achebe made the invisible visible.” (Chinua Achebe ya bayyana abin da ake ɗauka tamkar ba ya yuwa.) — Toni Morrison
“Achebe gave a literary home to a whole continent.” (Achebe ya bai wa nahiyar Afirka gida a duniyar adabi.) — Teju Cole
“He is not just a writer, he is a movement.” (Ba kawai marubuci ba ne, ƙungiya ce shi.) — Binyavanga Wainaina
Masana da dama sun yi amanna cewa, Achebe ya fitar da muryar Afirka daga cikin duhun tarihi, ya kuma bai wa kowane ɗan Afirka damar ganin ƙima da darajarsa a rubuce.
Achebe da Yaƙin Biafra: Rubutun da ke cike da zafi:
A cikin shekarun 1967 zuwa 1970, Achebe ya fuskanci abin da ya fi kowanne nauyin tunani da tausayi: Yaƙin Biafra. A matsayin ɗan ƙabilar Igbo, ya zama wakili a wajen ƙasashen duniya, yana neman taimako da fahimtar matsayin yankin Biafra. Abin da ya gani da ji ya haifar da rubutunsa na ƙarshe mai suna ‘There Was a Country’: A Personal History of Biafra (2012).
A wannan littafin, Achebe ya bayyana raɗaɗin yunwa, lalacewar gwamnati, da irin yadda yaƙin ya karya mafarkin Najeriya. Ya ce: “A country is not only a land, it is also a soul.” (ƙasa ba ƙasa ce kawai ba, rai ce ma.)
Wannan rubutu ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi rikitattun maganganunsa, inda ya ɗora alhakin yaƙin da kuma gazawar kasa a kan rashin adalci da rashin jagoranci.
ƙarfin karin magana a cikin ‘Things Fall Apart’:
Achebe ya cika ‘Things Fall Apart’ da karin magana da hikima daga al’adun Igbo, wanda ya sauya salon rubutun duniya gabaɗaya. Ga wasu daga ciki:
“When the moon is shining the cripple becomes hungry for a walk.”
(Idan wata na haske, gurgu na jin sha’awar yawo.)
Ma’ana: Lokacin da yanayi ya dace, kowane irin mutum na jin ƙarfinsa.
“Proverbs are the palm oil with which words are eaten.”
(Karin magana su ne man ja da ake cin magana da su.)
Ma’ana: Karin magana na sa tattaunawa ta zama mai daɗi da zurfi.
“The lizard that jumped from the high iroko tree said he would praise himself if no one else did.”
(ƙadangaren da ya faɗo daga babbar itaciyar iroko ya ce zai yabi kansa idan babu mai yi.)
Ma’ana: Cikakken bayani game da kwarin gwiwa da jin kai.
Ta hanyar ire-iren waɗannan karin magana, Achebe ya haɗa harshen Turanci da ruhin Afirka, hanyar da ta tilasta wa masu karatu na duniya su koyi al’adu daban-daban cikin sauƙi.
