Daga MAHDI M. MUHAMMAD
A yau za mu cigaba faga inda muka tsaya a makon da ya gabata, inda muka fara kawo tarihin kafuwar daular Birtaniya.
Daular Birtaniya ta Farko:
Daular farko ta Birtaniya, ta fara ne daga shekarar 1583 zuwa 1783. Fafutikar neman hanyoyin kasuwanci, neman ’yancin addini da kuma gasa da wasu ƙasashen duniya kamar irin su Andulusiya (Spain) da kuma Faransa, shi ne abin da ya haifar da faɗaɗuwar Daular Birtaniya. Wannan Daula, ta fara shimfiɗa fukafukanta na mulki ne a cikin shekarar 1497.
Ƙasa ta farko, da Ingila ta fara zama a cikinta a duniya, da nufin mulkin mallaka, ita ce garin Jamestown da ke cikin jihar Virginia ta ƙasar Amurka a cikin shekarar 1607. A cikin shekarar 1620 kuma, ta sake kutsawa tsibirin Massachusetts, ta kama garin Plymouth, a wannan gari ta kafa kamfanin nan mai suna Massachusetts Bay Company a shekarar 1628.
Sai kuma ta sake cin Maryland 1634, Rhode Island kuma a cikin shekarar 1636, Connecticut, a shekarar 1639. A ciki shekarar 1664, Ingila ta ƙwaci New Amsterdam daga hannun Netherlands, sannan ta canja mata suna zuwa New York. A shekarar 1681, William Penn, ya mallaki Pennsylvania.
A cikin shekarar 1663, sai kuma Amsterdam a cikin shekarar 1664. Sauran ƙasashe da suka haɗa da Delaware, New Jersey, Georgia, South Carolina, New Hampshire, da kuma North Carolina duk sun faɗa ƙarƙashin mulkin mallakar wannan Daula ta Birtaniya. Adadin da ya kama ƙasashe goma sha uku da ake yiwa da laƙabi da (13 colonies) – ƙasashen mulukiya 13.
A cikin shekarar 1623, Ingila ta ci Yammacin Indiya. Sai kuma a shekarar 1655, shekarar da Birtaniya ta ƙwaci ƙasar Jammaika (Jamaica) da ƙarfi daga hannun Andulusiya (Spain), kamar yadda ya zo a Microsoft Encarta (2009). Haka al’amarin wannan Daula ta farko ya yi ta tafiya.
A iya tsawon wannan mulki na mulaka’u da Daular Birtaniya ta yi wa waɗannan ƙasashe na Arewacin Amurka guda goma sha uku, abubuwa da dama sun faru, daga ciki akwai faruwar yarjejeniya tsakanin Ingila da Andulisiya da aka yi a shekarar 1604, game da rashin cin dunduniyar juna da kuma sa-in-sa da ake samu a tsakaninsu wacce aka yi a Landan, kuma ake yi mata laƙabi da Yarjejeniyar Landan (New Encyclopedia, 2016).
Microsoft Encarta (2009), ya ce, an yi yarjejeniya tsakanin Daular Birtaniya da Ƙasar Andulusiya (Spain) a cikin shekarar 1670, a garin Madrid na Ingila. Yarjejeniyar da ta saka ita ƙasar Andulusiyyar ta damƙa ragamar gudanarwar wasu ƙasashen yankin Karebiya ɗungurugum a hannun Daular ta Birtaniya.
Sai kuma narkewar Daular Scotland da ta Ingila da suka zama abu ɗaya suka koma Babbar Dauar Birtaniya (Great Britain Empire) a shekarar 1707. Sannan kuma akwai uwa-uba cinikin bayi da kuma kasuwancin sake-ba-ƙaidi (free trade). Waɗannan abubuwan da ma wasu masu tarin yawa, su suka baiwa Birtaniya damar kafa waccar daula tata ta farko.
Wannan Daula ta Birtaniya ta farko, ta kawo ƙarshe ne sakamakon bore da turjiya da ta samu daga waɗancan ƙasashe na Arewacin Amurka guda goma sha uku, sakamakon yunƙurin Daular ta Birtaniya na karvar haraji a hannunsu, harajin da su ƙasashen suka ce an ƙaƙaba musu shi ba tare da tuntuɓarsu ba.
Wannan kuma duka ya biyo bayan taron gangami da ƙasashen suka haɗa, wanda kuma daga baya ta kai ga gumurzu a tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu a garin Concord na Massachusetts, a cikin watan Juli na Shekarar 1775. A cikin shekarar 1776, waɗannan ƙasashe suka ayyana ’yancin cin gashin kai. Wannan shi ne ya haifar da kaurewar yaqin da aka kira da Juyin-Juya-Hali na Amurka (American Revolution), wanda ya ɗauke su har zuwa 1777.
Daga baya ƙasar Faransa ta shiga tsakaninsu a cikin shekarar 1778, abin da ya kawo ƙarshen yaqin, sannan kuma ya kawo ƙarshen Daular Birtaniya ta farko, sannan kuma ya ɗiga ɗanbar Daular Birtaniya ta biyu. Tun daga wannan lokacin kuma, sai Daular ta Birtaniya ta karkata akalarta zuwa yankunan Asiya, tsibirin Fasifik (Pacific) sannan kuma daga baya zuwa yankin Afirka (Microsoft Encarta, 2009) Amma Wikipedia (2017), da Encyclpaedia Britannica (2010), sun haɗu a kan cewa, yaƙin ya ƙare ne a shekarar 1783.
Daular Birtaniya ta Biyu:
Idan kiɗa ya canza, to dole rawa ta canja. Rasa waɗancan ƙasashe guda goma sha uku da wannan Daula ta Birtaniya ta yi, da kuma samun sauyi daga cinikin bayi zuwa ɗaukakuwar fasaha (Industrial Technology), ta saka Daular Birtaniya neman mafita daga halin da ta samu kanta a ciki, ta hanyar sama wa kanta kasuwannin da za ta riƙa sayar da abubuwan da ta ke ƙerawa tare kuma da samo sinadaran yin wasu sababbin kayayyakin. Saboda haka, sai ta sake sabon saran kafa wata sabuwar daular.
Wannan Daula ta Biyu, wacce ta fara daga shekarar 1783 zuwa 1815 a ra’ayin Wikipedia (2017), haƙiƙa ita ta amsa sunan waccar katafariyar daula da Birtaniyan ta kafa a duniya, wacce aka yi wa kirari da Daular da Rana ba ta faɗuwa a cikinta.
Durƙushewar Daular Birtaniya:
Shekarar 1839, ita ce shekarar farko da wannan hamshaƙiyar daula ta fara samun durƙoso, bayan da Lord Durham na Kanada ya zo da buƙatar a baiwa ita ƙasar ta Kanada damar kafa majalisar ministoci ta hanyar baiwa ‘yan ƙasa damar zaɓar ministocin maimakon naɗi daga Birtaniya. Duk da cewa, ita wannan majalisa ta ministoci tana ƙarƙashin Babban Gwamna (Governor General), wanda shi kuma Bature ne.
Bayan da wannan buqata ta samu karɓuwa, sai aka faɗaɗa ta ta hanyar baiwa wasu ƙasashen damar bin wannan tafarkin. Daga cikin irin waɗannan ƙasashe akwai Australiya, New Zealand, da kuma yakunan Cape da kuma Natal a cikin Afirka ta Kudu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, aka samu tarayyar wasu ƙasashe da yarjejeniyar Wesminster ta ba su ‘yancin cin gashin kai a shekarar 1839, suka fara kiran kansu da sunan “British Commonwealth of Nations”, wacce ita kuma tarayya ce ta qasashen da Birtaniyan ta yi wa mulkin mallaka.
Sannan kuma waɗannan ƙasashe su aka kira da suna dominiyons (dominions). Wannan shi ne farkon durƙushewar wannan Daula ta Birtaniya. Tun daga sannan kuma ta riƙa gangarowa har zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 1992, lokacin da ta damƙa ƙasarta ta ƙarshe, wato Hong-Kong a hannun China.
Wannan ita ce Daular Birtaniya a taƙaice, daular da ta yi ƙasaitar da ba a taɓa samun wata daula da ta kai ta ba a tarihin duniya. Daular da aka riƙa yi wa kirari da Daular da rana ba ta faɗuwa a cikinta saboda faɗin ta.
Tun shekarar 1479 (qarni na goma sha biyar) ta fara cin kasuwarta a duniya har zuwa shekarar 1992 (ƙarni na ashirin). Wato ta samu cikakkun ƙarnuka guda huɗu, tana sharafi a duniya.
A nan muka kawo ƙarshen wannan taƙaitaccen tarihi na daular Birtaniya.