Daga MAHDI M. MUHAMMAD
A tarihi, Yaƙin Duniya Na Ɗaya, wanda a turance ake kira da ‘World War I’ ko ‘First World War’, wani yaƙi ne wanda manyan ƙasashen duniya, musamman na nahiyar Turai (Europe) irin su Ingila (Britain), France, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Daular Ottoman ta Turkiya (Ottoman Empire), da kuma Amurka suka fafata, a tsakanin shekarun 1914 zuwa 1919.
A bisa tarihi, ya tabbata cewa zuwa shekarar 1900 wato farkon ƙarni na 21, ƙasashen yammacin Turai irin su Ingila, France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, da kuma Italy sun kai ga cikakken ci gaban tattalin arziki (economic development) da kuma ikon mulki (political dominance). Wannan ci gaban kuma, shi ne ya basu damar mallakar duniya, inda suka mallake gaba ɗayan nahiyar Amurka, kusan gaba ɗayan nahiyar Africa, da kuma yankuna masu yawa a nahiyar Asiya.
Saboda haka, wannan bunƙasa da ƙasashen Turai suka yi, sai ya buɗe ƙofar yin gasa da juna domin zarce sa’a a tsakanin su. Ko wacce ƙasa sai ta ɗauki irin salon siyasar mulki da kuma tattalin arziki (political and economic policies) domin samun ƙarfin iko a duniya.
Wannan yanayi a hankali sai kuma ya rikiɗe ya zama rigima amma na banbancin ra’ayi (conflict of interests) a tsakanin waɗannan manyan ƙasashe wanda ya janyo rabuwarsu zuwa ƙungiyar kawance biyu. Ƙungiya ta farko ana kiran ta da ‘Triple Entente Alliance’ ta ƙunshi ƙasashe irin su Ingila, France, da kuma Russia. Ita kuma ƙungiya ta biyu ana kiran ta da ‘Triple Alliance’ kuma ta ƙunshi ƙasashen Germany, Austria-Hungary, da kuma Italy wadda ɗaga baya ta fita daga ƙawancen.
Wannan rabuwa da manyan ƙasashen Turai suka yi zuwa gida biyu, shi ne ya fara alamta cewa, lallai yaƙi tsakanin manyan ƙasashen Turai yana shirin afkuwa.
To amma ba tsammani, sai wani abu ya faru a birnin Sarajevo na ƙasar Serbia wanda shi ne ya kasance dalilin ɓarkewar Yaƙin Duniya Na Biyu. Wannan abu kuwa shi ne kisan da wani ɗan fafutukar neman ’yanci da ake kira ‘Gavrilo Princip’ ya yiwa ɗan Sarkin Austria mai suna Archduke Franz Ferdinand a ranar 28 ga Juni, 1914.
Wannan kisa da aka yi wa Yarima mai jiran gado na ƙasar Austria-Hungary, shi ne yasa ƙasar Austria-Hungary ta ƙaddamar da yaƙi akan ƙasar Serbia, kuma hakan ya buɗe farawar Yaƙin Duniya Na Ɗaya.
Yadda Yaƙin Duniya Na Ɗaya ya samo asali:
Yayin da ƙarni na 20 ya shigo, ƙasashen Yammacin duniya tuni sun riga sun kai ga ci gaban mulki da tattalin arziki wanda ya ba su damar mallakar duniya a tafin hannuwansu. Don haka ne kuma gasa da kuma ƙoƙarin tserewa sa’a ya janyo banbancin ra’ayi a tsakanin ƙasashen.
Gasa da ƙoƙarin tserewa sa’a a ɓangaren ƙarfin soja shi ma yana cikin abin da manyan ƙasashen Turai suka maida hankali akai. A misali cikin shekarar 1906, ƙasar Ingila ta ƙera tare da ƙaddamar da wani katafaren jirgin ruwan yaƙi wanda ta sakawa suna ‘HMS Dreadnaught’. Shi wannan jirgin ruwan yaƙin ya kasance yana da manyan bakin bindigu 24, ƙananan bakin bindigu guda 10, da kuma ƙofofin harba bama-bamai ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa (torpedo).
Saboda haka tsoron rinjaye ya janyo ƙasashen na Yammacin Turai suka rabu zuwa rukunin kawance guda biyu. Rukuni na farko da ake kira ‘Triple Entente’ ya ƙunshi manyan ƙasashen Ingila, France, Russia, da kawayen su. Rukuni Na Biyu kuma ya ƙunshi Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, da ƙawayensu.
Tsarin kawance tsakanin manyan ƙasashen Turai, gasa ta fannin tattalin arziki, da kuma rikice-rikicen neman ’yanci musamman a yankin Balkan, ya alamta da kuma bada tabbacin cewa yaƙi tsakanin manyan ƙasashen Turai yana daf da afkuwa.
Ɓarkewar Yaƙin Duniya Na Ɗaya:
Yayin da duk duk alamomi suka bayyana na ɓarkewar Yaƙin Duniya Na Ɗaya, dalili na ƙarshe ya faru ne a ranar Lahadi, 28 ga June, 1914, a birnin Sarajevo na ƙasar Serbia. Wannan abu da ya faru kuwa shi ne kisan da wani mai fafutukar neman ’yanci da ake kira ‘Princip Gavrilo’ ya yi wa Yarima mai jiran gado na ƙasar Austria-Hungary wato Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Bayan kamar wata ɗaya, ƙasar Austria-Hungary ta zargi ƙasar Serbia da hannu dumu-dumu akan kashe ma ta Yarima mai jiran gado. Don haka a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 1914, ƙasar Austria-Hungary ta qaddamar da yaqi akan ƙasar Serbia ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai a birnin Belgrade.
Wannan hukunci da ƙasar Austria-Hungary ta ɗauka akan Serbia shi ne ya janyo shigowar sauran manyan ƙasashen Turai cikin rigimar, wadda ta girmama zuwa Yaƙin Duniya Na Ɗaya. Da farko, Germany ta shiga rigimar ta hanyar goyawa ƙasar Austria-Hungary baya da kuma ƙaddamar da yaƙi akan Russia ranar 1 ga August, da kuma qaddamar da wani yaƙin ranar 2 ga August akan ƙasar France, waɗanda su kuma suna ƙare ƙasar Serbia ne.
Ƙasar Ingila ba ta yi niyyar shiga Yaƙin Duniya Na Ɗaya ba, to amma bayan da ƙasar Germany ta kai wa ƙasar ’yan baruwan mu (neutral) ta Belgium hari, sai Ingila ta canja tunani, yayin da ta shiga Yaƙin a ranar 3 ga Augusta tare da ƙaddamar da yaƙi akan ƙasar Germany.
Ƙasar Amurka ta shiga Yaƙin Duniya Na Ɗaya a ranar 7 ga Disambar, 1917, bayan da jiragen yaƙin ruwan Germany suka nitsar da jiragen ruwan ’yan kasuwar Amurka.
Wannan shigowa cikin rigimar ƙasashe biyu tare da ɗaukar ɓangare da sauran manyan ƙasashen Turai suka yi, shi ne ya tabbatar da afkuwar Yaƙin Duniya Na Biyu. Sannan kuma yaƙin ya koma tsakanin kawayen ƙasashe da masu goya musu baya. A hannu na farko ƙasashen Ingila, France, da kuma Russia sun haɗa kai guri guda a Yankin, Yayin da su ma ƙasashen Germany, Austria-Hungary, da kuma Daular Ottoman ta Turkiya suka haɗa kai guri guda.
Bayan kimanin shekaru 4 daga shekarar 1914 zuwa 1919, manyan ƙasashen duniya da ƙawayensu, sun fafafata tsakanin su ta hanyar yin amfani da manyan makamai masu haɗari, wanda duniya ba ta taɓa gani ba kafin wannan zamani.
A watan Nuwambar shekarar 1918, Yaƙin Duniya Na Ɗaya yazo ƙarshe ta hanyar sa hannu akan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta da manyan ƙasashen suka yi.
Yaƙin Duniya Na Ɗaya ya kasance mafi munin yaƙe-yaƙe da aka yi kafin 1914.
An yi kiyasin cewa aƙalla kimanin mutum miliyan 15 sun rasa rayukansu. Haka kuma, kimanin gine-gine 500,000 sun lalace, tare da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa irin su tituna, gadoji, wayoyin sadarwa (telephone), da sauran su.
A ɓangaren kashe kuɗi kuma, ƙasashen da suka shiga Yaƙin Duniya Na Biyun, aƙalla sun kashe kuɗi kimanin dala biliyan 350.