Daga MAHDI MUSA MUHAMMAD
Yankin Sahel na Afirka, wanda ya daɗe yana fama da matsalar ruwa da yunwa, na fuskantar gagarumin sauyi yayin da ruwan sama ke ƙaruwa, tafkuna da koguna ke farfaɗowa, sannan rijiyoyi ke sake cika.
Masana sun ce wannan sauyi ya samo asali ne ba kawai daga ƙaruwa da tsananin ruwan sama ba, har ma da ingantattun hanyoyin tattara ruwan sama da aka fara amfani da su a ƙasashen yankin.
Binciken da mujallar Yale Environment 360 ta wallafa ya nuna cewa sauyin yanayi ya ƙara ƙarfin daminar Yammacin Afirka, lamarin da ya sa yankin Sahel, wanda ya ratsa daga Senegal zuwa Habasha, ke samun ruwa fiye da yadda aka saba cikin shekaru da dama.
A wasu yankuna, matakin ruwan karkashin ƙasa ya haura da fiye da ƙafa 13, yayin da Tafkin Chadi, wanda ya kusa bushewa sakamakon fari na shekarun 1970 da 1980, ke ci gaba da farfaɗowa.
Rahoton ya ce sauyin ya fara bayyana a fannoni da dama. Dabbobin da suka kusa bacewa irin su oryɗ sun fara dawowa yankin, yayin da manoma ke sake amfani da ruwan ban ruwa a gonakinsu bayan shekaru masu yawa.
Haka kuma, a kudancin Nijar, manoma sun fara renon sabbin bishiyoyi a gonakinsu, abin da ya taimaka wajen ƙara yawan amfanin gona.
Masana sun ce dawowar damina ta ba wa miliyoyin mutane sabon fata, musamman a yankunan da fari ya daɗe yana haddasa yunwa da talauci.
Masanin ilimin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a Jami’ar University College London, Richard Taylor, ya ce akwai hujjoji da ke nuna cewa ajiyar ruwa a ƙasa na ƙaruwa a duk faɗin Sahel.
Ya bayyana cewa yankin na samun gagarumar ƙaruwa a adadin ruwan da ke shiga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, abin da ke nuna yiwuwar shiga wani sabon zamani mai yalwar ruwa.
Masana sun danganta hakan da ƙarfafa daminar Yammacin Afirka, wadda ke tasowa daga Tekun Guinea tsakanin watan Yuni zuwa Satumba.
Sai dai masu bincike sun ce ƙarin ruwan sama kaɗai ba zai iya bayyana wannan sauyi ba. Sun ce akwai wasu abubuwan da suka taimaka, ciki har da:
Aikin Great Green Wall da ake aiwatarwa domin yaƙi da hamada.
Farfaɗo da tsofaffin hanyoyin tattara ruwan sama da manoma ke amfani da su.
Raguwar wasu manyan ayyukan ban ruwa da ke hana ruwa isa tafkuna da koguna.
Barin wasu gonakin ban ruwa sakamakon hare-haren ‘yan ta’adda.
Masana sun bayyana cewa sabbin ruwan sama masu ƙarfi na taruwa cikin koguna da kwazazzabai kafin daga bisani su ratsa zuwa cikin rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
A cewarsu, irin waɗannan mamakon ruwan sama sun fi taimakawa wajen cika ajiyar ruwa fiye da ruwan sama na yau da kullum. Binciken da aka gudanar a Nijar ya nuna cewa ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta ƙaru da kusan kashi 15 cikin ɗari. Har ila yau, bayanan tauraron ɗan adam na Hukumar NASA sun tabbatar da cewa ajiyar ruwa a yankin Sahel na ƙaruwa cikin sauri.
Rahoton ya ce Tafkin Chadi ya sake faɗaɗa sosai.
Masana daga Jami’ar N’Djamena ta ƙasar Chadi sun bayyana cewa a shekarar 2024, girman tafkin ya kai fiye da murabba’in mil 9,000, kusan yadda yake a shekarun 1960, kuma ya ninka girman da yake da shi a tsakiyar shekarun 1980 sau goma.
Sun ce ƙaruwa da ruwa a tafkin na taimakawa wajen sake cika manyan rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashinsa.
Duk da wannan ci gaba, rahoton ya nuna cewa ƙaruwa da ruwan sama ta haifar da yawaitar ambaliyar ruwa.
A Nijar, inda fari ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a baya, yanzu ambaliya ce ta zama babbar barazana.
A daminar shekarar 2024 kadai, ambaliya ta lalata gidaje sama da 150,000 da aka gina da tubalin laka tare da janyo asarar rayuka da dukiyoyi.
Rahoton ya ce, gwamnatin Nijeriya na shirin sake farfaɗo da Aikin Ban Ruwa na South Chad Irrigation Project, wanda aka daɗe da dakatar da shi saboda ƙarancin ruwa.
Masana sun ce idan yanayin ya ci gaba da haka, yankin Sahel na iya shiga wani sabon zamani na bunƙasar noma, musamman idan aka ci gaba da amfani da dabarun tattara ruwan sama da kare muhalli.
Sai dai sun kuma yi gargaɗin cewa sauyin yanayi zai ci gaba da kawo ruwan sama cikin rashin tabbas, tare da yiwuwar yawaitar ambaliya da fari a wasu yankuna lokaci zuwa lokaci.
