Daga AMINU KANO
Juyin mulki, irin wanda sojoji ke kifar da zaɓaɓɓiyar gwamnatin farar hula domin jan ragamar shugabancin ƙasa, ba sabon abu ba ne a tarihin siyasar ƙasashen duniya, ciki har da na Nahiyar Afirka. Hakan na nufin, har a ƙasashen da ke wajen nahiyar Afirka, sojoji sun sha amshe ragamar mulkin ƙasa daga hannun shuwagabannin fararen hula.
Sai dai, matsalar juyin mulki ta fi zama ruwan dare a yankin Afirka ta Yamma (West Afirka). Ma fi yawancin qasashen da ke wannan yanki sun samu ‘yanci ne daga mulkin mallakar ƙasashen Turai irinsu Birtaniya da Faransa daga 1957 zuwa 1965.
Tare da cewa sun samu wannan ‘yancin ne ba tare da wani kyakkyawan shiri ko tsari na gina qasa ba. Kuma, sun gaji rundunar soji wacceTurawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa da Birtaniyya suka yi amfani da su wajen wanzar da mulkin mallaka a ƙasashen Afirka. Misalin wannan rundunar soji da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka bari su ne, West Afirican Frontier Force (WAFF).
Ƙasa da shekaru 10 da samun ‘yancin kai, ƙasashen da ke Yammacin Afirka suka samu kansu cikin matsalar juyin mulki, wanda sojoji suka ja ragama. An fara juyin mulki ne a Yammacin Afirka a ƙasar Togo, inda sojoji suka kifar da gwamnatin farar hula ta Sylvanus Olympio a ranar 13 ga Janairun 1963. Sylvanus ya rasa ransa a wannan lokacin. Daga nan fa sojoji suka dinga kifar da gwamnatin farar hula, suna ɗarewa kan shimfiɗar mulki.
A wani bincike da aka gudanar, daga 1960 zuwa 1982 kaɗai, an shirya gudanar da yin juyin mulki a Sub-Saharan Afirka sau 90, an yi yunkurin kifar da gwamnati sau 60, sannan kuma an yi nasarar yin juyin mulki sau 50. A iya Yammacin Afirka kaɗai, an samu nasarar kifar da gwamnati sau 39. A iya ƙasar Benin (Cotonou) kawai, cikin shekaru 10 (1963 – 1973), an samu nasarar yin juyin mulki sau 6.
A cikin ƙasashe 16 da ke yankin Yammacin Afirka, a Senegal da Cape Verde ne kawai ba a taba kifar da gwamnatin farar hula ba ta hanyar amfani da karfin soji. Sai dai ko a Senegal a 1962, Fira Minista Mamadou Dia sai da ya yi yunƙurin kifar da gwamnatin mai gidansa, wato Leopald Sedar Senghor. Sai dai hakan bai cimma nasara ba.
Har yanzu, masana na ganin yunkurin yin ko aiwatar da juyin mulki da sojoji ke yi wa farar hula na daga cikin manya-manyan ƙalubalen gina tsarin mulkin dimukradiyya a nahiyar Afirka.
Daga 2005 zuwa 2023, an samu juyin mulki a ƙasashen Mali, Guinea Conakry, Burkina Faso, Togo, Mauritania, Madagascar da Nijar. Ko a satittikan da suka gabata, sai da sojoji suka samu nasarar hamvarar da gwamnatin shubaban qasar Jamhuriyyar Nijar, Bazoum Mohammed. Kafin samun nasarar kifar da shi, sai da aka yi yunkurin juyin mulki a Nijar kwana 2 kafin a rantsar da Muhammad Bazoum ɗin a 2021.
Saboda yawan juyin mulki da sojoji ke yi a Yammacin Afirka , masana sun yi nazari kuma sun yi bayanai masu gamsarwa a kan dalilan da ke haddasa juyin mulki a yankin. Masana irin su Samuel Finer, Le Vine da Andreski, na kallon rauni na yanayin siyasa a ƙasashen Afirka a matsayin dalilin da ke haddasa juyin mulki. A fahimtarsu, har yanzu mutanen da ke rayuwa a cikin ƙasashen nahiyar Afirka, ba su fahimci yadda tsarin mulkin dimukradiyya ke tafiya ba.
Hakan ke sa sojoji rana tsaka su kifar da gwamnatin farar hula. Sai dai a fahimtar Bell, juyin mulki na yin naso ne a ƙasashen da ke maqwabtaka. Wato juyin mulki kamar dai wata cuta ce mai yaɗo ko annoba da kan game ƙasashen da ke makwabtaka da juna. Misali, juyin mulkin da aka yi a Mali, shi ya sa tunzura sojoji a ƙasashen Guinea, Burkina Faso da Nijar da ke maƙwabtaka da juna, suma suka kifar da gwammatin ƙasashensu.
Sai dai kuma wasu masanan na kallon dalilai na rashin shugabanci na gari da cin hanci da rashawa, da tasirin manyan ƙasashen duniya, da kuma son zuciya na sojoji, a matsayin dalilan da ke haifar da juyin mulki a qasashen Afirka. A rubutu na gaba, zan zo da hanyoyin da za a bi a magance annobar juyin mulki da ke naso a Yammcin Afirka, Insha’Allah.
Aminu kano ɗan ƙasa ne mai bayyana ra’ayi. Ya rubuto daga jihar Kano.