Daga MAHDI M. MUHAMMAD
Yaƙin duniya na biyu da a Turanci ake kira ‘World War II’ a kan kintse rubutun kamar haka ‘WWII’ ko ‘WW2’, kuma a kan kira shi da Turanci ‘Second World War’. Yaqin dai wani yaqi ne da duniya baki ɗaya suka afka a ciki, wanda ya kwashi tsawon shekaru shida ana gwabzawa, tun daga shekarar 1939 har zuwa shekara ta 1945.
Mafi yawan ƙasashen duniya tare da ƙasashe masu qarfi su ne suka ja daga a tsakaninsu, inda suke yaƙan juna. Hakane ya haifar da gagarumin gumurzu tsakaninsu wanda aƙalla mutane sama da miliyan ɗari ne suka tsunduma a ciki daga ƙasashe sama da talatin. Mafi yawan ƙasashen da suka shiga cikin yaƙin sun saka dukkan tattalin arzikinsu, da masana’antunsu da iliminsu na kimiyya da fasaha don ganin sun ci galaba a yaƙin.
Yaƙin duniya na II shi ne yaƙi mafi muni a duniya wanda ɗan adam bai taɓa gani ba, inda aka samu rasa rayukan mutane daga miliyan 50 zuwa miliyan 85, yawancinsu fararen hula ne daga Ƙasar Soviet Union wato Rasha a yanzu da kuma Ƙasar Sin. An sami kashe-kashe, kisan kiyashi akan Yahudawa, tsarin jefa bama-bamai, mutuwa sanadiyyar yunwa da cututtuka, da kuma amfani da makaman ƙare-dangi a yaƙin wato ‘Atomic Weapeons’.
Ansoma yaƙin ne daga ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 1939 zuwa 2 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 1945 tsawon shekaru (shiga da kwana ɗaya).
Abubuwan da aka yi asararsu su ne, an kashe Sojoji sama da miliyan 16,000,000, an kuma kashe farreren hula sama da miliyan 45,000,000, wanda adadin rayukan da aka rasa ya kai miliyan 61,000,000 (daga 1937–1945).
Ƙasar Japan da ke son ta mamaye nahiyar Asiya da yankin Pacific, ta fara yaƙi da Ƙasar Sin tun daga shekara ta 1937, duk da cewar babu ɓangaren da ya fito a fili ya ayyanar da yaƙi akan waninsa. Ana dai ganin yaƙin ya soma ne a 1 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1939, bayan mamaye ƙasar Poland da ƙasar Jamus ta yi, da kuma ƙaddamar da yaqi da Ƙasar Faransa da Ingila suka yi akan ƙasar Jamus a ƙarshen shekarar 1939 har zuwa farkon shekara ta 1941, sai dai irin gumurzu da shirin da Jamus ɗin ta yi ne hakan ya sa ta samu nasarar mallakar kusan duka nahiyar Turai, kuma sai suka ƙulla ƙawance da ƙasar Italiya da Japan (Axis powers) a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar ‘Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August’ 1939, Jamus da ƙasar Soviet sun rarraba tare da mallakar yankunan Turai na ƙasashe kamar irinsu Poland, Finland, Romania da jihohin da ke Baltic. Bayan fara yaƙi akan ƙasashen da ke yankin Afirka ta arewa da Afirka ta gabas, da kuma faɗuwar ƙasar Faransa a tsakiyar shekarar 1940.
Yaƙin ya koma mafi yawanci tsakanin ƙasashen Jamus, Italiya da kuma Daular Romania akan Daular Biritaniya. Sai kuma fara Yaqi a Balkans, da kuma fafatawar sararin samaniya a Ingila wato ‘Aerial Battle of Britain’ da kuma harin sama tare da yin ruwan boma-bamai da ƙasar Jamus ɗin ta yi wa Birtaniya wato ‘Blitzkrieg’.
Sai kuma fafatawar Mallakar Tekun Atlantik da ya biyo baya, ana cikin wannan bala’in ne sai kuma ƙasashen haɗakar (Axis Powers) a Turai suka ƙaddamar da hari akan qasar Soviet Union (Rasha) wato ‘Operation Barbarossa’ a ranar 22 ga watan june, shekara ta 1941 , hakan ya sa suka buɗe wani sabon shafin yaƙin mafi muni a tarihi. A kuma watan Disambar shekara ta 1941, Japan ta ƙaddamar da wani hari a ƙasar Amurka da wasu yankunan turawa da ke yankin tekun Pacific. Hakane yasa ƙasar ta Amurka ta shiga yaƙin a gefen ‘Allied Countries’ kuma ta ayyana yaƙi akan ƙasar Japan, hakan yasa ta samu goyon bayan ƙasar Biritaniya, amma sai ƙasashen da ke ƙawance da Japan na turawa suma suka mara wa Japan ɗin baya, hakane yasa Japan ta ƙwace yawancin yankunan turawa da ke yankin tekun Pacific, wanda yawancin ƙasashen Asiya suke ganinsa a matsayin wani shiri ne daga ƙasashen yamma na yin mamaye a yankunansu, amma kuma bayan ’yan watanni da suka gane wa idanuwansu irin zaluncin da Axis Powers ke yi yasa daga bisani ra’ayin mutanen ƙasashen ya juya akansu.
Yaƙi ya tsaya a shekara ta 1945 bayan Japan ta miƙa wuya, kuma Jamus da Italiya suma an yi galaba akansu a arewacin Afirka da gabashinta, da kuma gagarumar nasarar da ‘Red Army’ suka yi akan Jamus da Italiya a garin Stalingrad da ke Soviet Union a shekarar 1943, da kuma mamaye Sicily da Italiya, da nasarar ƙasashen kawance (Allied Powers) a yankin Pacific, a shekara ta 1944, qasashen ƙawance sun ƙwace yankin Faransa daga hannun Jamus wato ‘D-day Invasion’ kuma ita ma ƙasar Soviet Union ta dawo da duka yankunanta daga hannun Jamus da ƙawayenta. Sannan kuma a shekara ta 1944, zuwa shekara ta alib 1945, ƙasar Japan ta sha kashi sosai a yankin Asiya, musamman a fafatawar da suka yi da Amurka a Tekun Pacific wato ‘Battle Of Midway’, da kuma tsakiyar qasar Sin da ƙasar Burma, hakan ya sanya su rasa dukkanin yankunan da suka mamaye.
Yaƙi a nahiyar turai ya ƙare ne sanadiyar mamaye Jamus da ƙasashen kawance (Allied Countries) da ƙasar Soviet suka yi wanda yakai ga kama garin Berlin da mutuwar Adolf Hitler da miqa wuyan da Jamus ta yi a 8 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1945. Bayan Potsdam Declaration daga ƙungiyar ƙawance a 26 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta 1945.
Ƙin da ƙasar Japan ta yi na miƙa wuya ya sa ƙasar Amurka ta jefa ma ta makamin ƙare dangi wato ‘Atomic bomb’ a garuruwan Hiroshima da Nagasaki a 6 da 9 ga watan Augusta. Da kuma mamaye tsibirin archipelago imminent, da ganin irin asarar rayukan da ake yi, da kuma mamayen yankuna da ƙasar Soviets ta ke ci gaba ɗaya a garuruwan Manchuria da tsibirin Kuril da ke arewacin ƙasar ta Japan, hakan yasa Sarkin ƙasar Japan wato Hirohito a 2 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 1945, ya miƙa wuya, wannan ya bada damar yin nasarar sojojin ƙawance a nahiyar Asiya, sai kuma aka fara tuhumar ƙasar Jamus da Japan akan laifukan yaƙi a kotunan International Military Tribunal (IMT) da kuma The International Military Tribunal For The Far East ko kuma (IMTFE).
Gabashin Gabas:
A ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1941, makamai na Jamus sun shiga cikin Soviet Union a matsayin wani vangare na ‘Operation Barbarossa’. A lokacin rani da farkon fashewar, sojojin Jamus sun ci nasara bayan nasara, suka shiga cikin yankin Soviet. Sakamakon yunƙuri na Soviet kawai da farkon hunturu ya hana Jamusawa daga Moscow. A cikin shekara ta gaba, ɓangarorin biyu sun yi ta faɗakarwa da baya, tare da Jamus suna turawa cikin Caucasus kuma suna ƙoƙari su ɗauki Stalingrad. Bayan yaƙin da aka yi na tsawon lokaci, ’yan Soviets suka ci nasara kuma suka fara turawa Jamus gaba ɗaya. Tunewa ta hanyar Balkans da Poland, Rundunar Red Army ta matsa wa Jamus kuma sun kai hari a Jamus, sun kama Berlin a watan Mayu 1945.
Arewacin Afirka, Sicily, da Italiya:
Tare da faɗuwar Faransa a 1940, yaƙin ya tashi zuwa Ruman. Da farko dai, yawancin ya faru ne a teku da arewacin Afirka tsakanin sojojin Birtaniya da Italiya. Bisa ga rashin nasarar da abokansu suka samu, sojojin Jamus sun shiga filin daga a farkon 1941. Ta hanyar 1941 zuwa 1942, sojojin Birtaniya da Axis sun yi ta fama da kogin Libya da Masar.
A watan Nuwambar 1942, sojojin Amurka suka sauka suka taimaka wa Birtaniya a tsabtace Arewacin Afrika. Komawa Arewa, Sojojin Allied sun kama Sicily a watan Agustan 1943, wanda ya kawo qarshen mulkin Mussolini. Allies sun sauka a Italiya kuma suka fara turawa cikin teku. Yayin da suke fama da hanyoyi masu yawa, sun sami nasara wajen cin nasara da yawa daga ƙasar ta ƙarshen yaƙin.